Bibliography

Graphs, Little Account [R]

Deduction is that kind of inference in which the fact expressed in the conclusion is inferred from the facts expressed in the premisses, regardless of the manner in which these facts have come to the reasoner’s notice. Deduction is either necessary or probable.

Partial graphs are graphs on the sheet of assertion that are not the only ones scribed on the sheet. The entire graph is all that is scribed on the sheet.

A rhema which is made a part of a graph and is not itself compounded according to the rules of existential graphs is called a spot and the places where proper names might be inserted are called the hooks of the spot.

A heavily marked continuous line on the sheet of assertion shall assert that the individuals denoted by its two extremities are identical. [—]

Such a line is called a line of identity.

Necessary deduction is that sort of inference in which the fact concluded is conceived to be involved in the facts premised. It is the reasoning of mathematical demonstration.

A rhema is either a proposition or a blank form that would become a proposition if all its blanks were filled with proper names.

A rhema which is made a part of a graph and is not itself compounded according to the rules of existential graphs is called a spot and the places where proper names might be inserted are called the hooks of the spot.

Partial graphs are graphs on the sheet of assertion that are not the only ones scribed on the sheet. The entire graph is all that is scribed on the sheet. The total graph is the entire graph together with the sheet of assertion itself.

…if one person is to convey any information to another, it must be upon the basis of a common experience. They must not only have this common experience, but each must know the other has it; and not only that but each must know the other knows that he knows the other has it; so that when one says ‘It is cold’ the other may know that he does not mean that it is cold in Iceland or in Laputa, but right here. In short it must be thoroughly understood between them that they are talking about objects of a collection with which both have some familiarity. The collection of objects to which it is mutually understood that the propositions refer is called by exact logicians the universe of discourse.